Adjectives

In this comprehensive guide, we'll delve into the world of Japanese adjectives and their inflections. Understanding adjectives is crucial for constructing meaningful and accurate sentences in Japanese. There are two main types of adjectives: い-adjectives (Ikeiyoushi) and な-adjectives (Nakeiyoushi), each with its own set of rules for inflection.

い Adjectives (Ikeiyoushi)

They are named this way because all adjectives in this group end in "i."

EnglishHiraganaJapanese
Redあかい赤い
Blueあおい青い
Newあたらしい新しい
Oldふるい古い
Smallちいさい小さい
Bigおおきい大きい

Adjectives can modify the topic or directly modify the word.

Topic: あの りんご は おおきい です。 - That apple is big.

Word: あの おおきい りんご です。 - That big apple.

Inflections of い-adjectives

To change い adjectives to negative, we replace "i" with "kunai."

AffirmativeNegative
あかいあかくない
あおいあおくない

Topic: あの りんご は あかくない です。- That apple is not red.

Word: あの あかくない りんご です。- Not red apple.

For the past tense, we replace "i" with "katta." Examples:

Present/FuturePast
あたらしいあたらしかった
ふるいふるかった

Topic: この いえ は あたらしかった です。 - This house was new.

Word: ふるかった いえ です。 - Was old house.

The negative past form is "kunakatta," which is formed by taking the negative form "kunai," removing "i," and adding "katta" from the past tense. Examples:

Present AffirmativePast Negative
ちいさいちいさくなかった
おおきいおおきくなかった

Topic: あの やま は おおきくなかった です. - That mountain wasn't big.

Word: おおきくなかった やま です. - Wasn't big mountain.

な Adjectives (Nakeiyoushi)

Most な-adjectives do not end in "i" and need "na" to directly modify the word they describe.

EnglishHiraganaJapanese
Skillfulじょうず上手
Unskillfulへた下手
Quietしずか静か
Preciousたいせつ大切
Strongじょうぶ丈夫
Beautifulきれい綺麗

Topic: この へや は しずか です。 - This room is quiet.

Word: しずかな へや です。 - Quiet room.

The inflections of な-adjectives are straightforward; we inflect "desu."

Polite Form

AffirmativeNegativePastNegative Past
DesuDewa arimasenDeshitaDewa arimasen deshita
ですではありませんでしたではありませんでした

Colloquial Form

AffirmativeNegativePastNegative Past
DaDewa naiDattaDewa nakatta janakatta
ではないだったではなかった

Example sentences directly modifying the word:

Affirmative: たいせつな はな です。 - Precious flower.

Negative: たいせつな はな では ありません。 - Not precious flower.

Or: たいせつ ではない はな です。 - Not precious flower.

Past: たいせつな はな でした。 - Was a precious flower.

Negative Past: たいせつな はな では ありませんでした。- Was not a precious flower.

Or: たいせつ ではない はな でした。- Was not a precious flower.

Example sentences modifying the topic:

Affirmative: この はな は たいせつ です。 - This flower is precious.

Negative: この はな は たいせつ では ありません。 - This flower is not precious.

Past: この はな は たいせつ でした。 - This flower was precious.

Negative Past: この はな は たいせつ では ありませんでした。 - This flower was not precious.

Combining Adjectives

To combine い-adjectives, we replace "i" with "kute," and for な-adjectives, we simply add "de." Remember that the last adjective listed remains unchanged and retains its tense normally.

あの みずうみ は あおくて きれいで ひろい です。- That lake is blue, beautiful, and wide.

In summary, Japanese adjective grammar follows clear patterns of inflection to express negation, past tense, and other nuances. い-adjectives (Ikeiyoushi) are modified by replacing "i" with "kunai" for negation and "katta" for the past, while な-adjectives (Nakeiyoushi) use "na" to directly modify the noun. These structures are essential for expressing a variety of ideas and constructing sentences accurately in the Japanese language, showcasing how grammar plays a crucial role in effective communication and conveying meaning across different linguistic contexts.